Sustainable Oceans and Coastal Zones 

1998 United Nations Year of the Oceans
Unit 5

Identified Environmental Impacts & Benefits of Shrimp Aquaculture Production Technologies; Beneficial & Negative Social Impacts in Southeast Asia.

Water Requirements for Shrimp Culture and Other Aquaculture
 

System and Species Production 
(tons/ha)		 Water Use 
(cubic m/ton product)
Semi-intensive shrimp in Taiwan 4.1-11.0 11,000-21,430
Intensive shrimp in Taiwan 12.6-27.4 29,000-43,000
Salmonids in tanks in UK ???? 252,000
Intensive Chinese catfish 100-200 50-200
Intensive common carp in Japan 1,443 740,000
From: Phillips et al. (1991, 1993)

 
Nutrient concentrations in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) pond discharge waters
 
Ponds (N) 22 38 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Culture Period (mos) 20 20 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 4 4
Stocking density (#/m2) 30 75 30 40 50 60 70 50-60 80-100
Total N nd nd 3.55 4.04 14.9 20.9 17.1 17.8 22.3
Total P nd nd 0.18 0.25 0.53 0.49 0.32 1.6 2.5
BOD 5.4 7.1 10.0 11.4 28.9 33.9 28.8 47.4 49.4
COD 27.6 39.0 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
TSS 184 214 92 114 461 797 498 665 966
Nitrate 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.3 0.9
Nitrite < 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.33
Chlorophyll (ug/l) 76 140 70 110 350 460 350 460 990
TN:TP Ratio nd nd 19.7 16.1 28.1 42.6 53.4 11.1 8.9
COD:BOD Ratio 5.1 5.5 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Compiled from: Chaiyakam et al. (1992), Tunvilai et al. (1993), Briggs and Funge-Smith (1994), Funge-Smith and Briggs (1994). All units in mg/liter unless noted. nd = no data.
 

Ranges of Shrimp Pond Effluent Water Quality at an Intensive Shrimp Farm in Thailand During a 5-Month Growout Period
 
Pond Size (ha) 0.48-0.56
Pond depth (m) 1.5-1.8
Salinity (ppt) 10-35
Temperature (degrees C) 22-31
pH 7.5-8.9
TN 0.50-3.4
TP 0.05-0.4
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/liter) 4.0-7.5
TSS 30-190
Chlorophyll a (ug/liter) 20-250
Water Exchange Rate (% per day) 5-40
TN:TP Ratio 8.5-10.0
From: C. Kwei Lin (cited in Phillips et al. 1993)

Diseases

The Aquaculture Health Page


Bibliography

Dierberg, F. and W. Kiattisimkul. 1996. Issues, impacts, and implications of shrimp aquaculture in Thailand. Environmental Management 20: 649-666.

Flaherty, M. and C. Karnjanakesorn. 1995. Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation in Thailand. Environmental Management 19(1): 27-37. Submitted 9 October 97 by Dr. Mark Flaherty, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.  <geomark@uvvm.uvic.ca>

Muluk, C. and C. Bailey. 1996. Social and environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture in Indonesia, p. 193-209. In: C. Bailey, S. Jentof and P. Sinclair (eds.) Aquacultural Development. Social Dimensions of an Emerging Industry. Westview Press.

Phillips, M, M. Beveridge, and R. Clarke. 1991. Impact of aquaculture on water resources, p. 568-591. In: D. Brune and J. Tomasso (eds.) Advances in Aquaculture, Volume 3. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA

Phillips, M., C. Kwei Lin, and M. Beveridge. 1993. Shrimp culture and the environment: lessons for the world's most rapidly expanding warmwater aquaculture sector, p. 171-197. In: R. Pullin et al. (eds.) Environment and aquaculture in Developing countries. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 31, 359 pages.

Primavera, J. 1989. The social, ecological and economic implications of intensive prawn farming. Asian Aquaculture 11(1): 1-6.

Primavera, J. 1991. Intensive prawn farming in the Philippines: ecological, social, and economics implications. Ambio 20: 28-33.

Primavera, J. 1993. A critical review of shrimp pond culture in the Philippines. Reviews in Fisheries Science 1(2): 151-201.

Webliography

AIT (1997)
Landesman, L. 1994. Negative impacts of coastal tropical aquaculture developments. World Aquaculture 25(2): 12-17.
Menasveta (1997)
Miller et al. (1995)
Peschke (1996)