Team
    Natalie Meyerhoff <nmeyerho@uci.edu>
    Patrick Leclair <pleclair@uci.edu>
    Mark La <mcla@uci.edu>

Outline:1.Intro.
            -description and history
            -when it was healthy
            -now=current conditions
                -issues of concern
        2.Social Aspects
            -natural capital finally acknowledged and attended to
                -ecosystem death or close to it
                -wildlife
                -loss of food chain
            -sacred site to local indigenous
            - its hay day
            -demographics
            -intrinsic value
        3. Technical Aspects
            -loss of species
            -ecosystem depletion
            -loss of biodiversity
            - needed for 50% of Pacific fly way birds
        4. Problems
            -Social
                -sacred land
                -no one sees it , they don't care
                -not much research done there
            -Political
                -who is responsible
                -who will pay
                -who will approve and implement
                -all sides must agree
            -Economic
                -loss of birds=bird watching is $
                - environmental degradation= loss $ for (5)
            -Technical
                -agri. run-off
                -salinity levels too high
                -New River impact
                -DDT
                -selenium
                -bacteria
                -disease
                -fish and bird kills
                -eutrophication is too high
            -Opportunities
                -stabilize surface elevation
                -reduce salinity
                -deal w/New River Pollution
                -reduce agri. run off
                -clean it up
                - Find a plan of action agreed by all
                -What is saving the sea
                -values for saving the sea

COMMENTS FROM BCP: YOU NEED TO MAKE A VISIT TO ME AND THE LIBRARY TO
COMPLETE THIS OUTLINE.

A Sustainable Salton Sea

Introduction

HISTORY OF FORMATION IS IMPORTANT. THIS IS NOT A NATURAL LAKE.

A. Salton Sea
1. place where birds stop en route south or north during migration
a. location
b. weather and rainfall
2. become polluted
3. animals are being killed off at alarming rates

ECOLOGY OF THE LAKE.

II. Social Aspects
A. Public must ban together
1. stop using products harmful to the environment
2. sponsor efforts to take care of sick animals

AG IS THE MAJOR POLLUTER. SO IS THE NEW RIVER FROM MEXACALI. INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOR IS NOT REALLY AN ISSUE UNLESS YOU WANT TO SHUT DOWN AGRICULTURE!

III. Technical Aspects
A. Largest inland body of water west of Rockies
B. Sanctuary for migrating birds

IV. Constraints of Sustainability
A. High levels of contaminants in water
1. salt
2. chromium
3. agricultural wastes

NUTRIENTS,  DDT.

B. Reason for high levels of contamination
1. has no outlet
2. has inlets mainly from Colorado River
a. large amounts of agricultural runoff as well

A WATER BALANCE SHOWS THAT >90% WATER COMES FROM THE NEW AND ALAMO RIVERS,
AND THESE ARE "WASTEWATER RIVERS".

3. high evaporation rates during the summer months

C. Water level rising
1. water overflowing into Wildlife Refuge

V. Opportunities to Solve Problem
A. Building dikes
1. evaporates salt water leaving minerals behind
a. reduces salinity
b. reduces increasing sea level

OUTLET PROPOSAL.

B. Building bird hospital to care for birds

1)Introduction- The Colorado River
a. resources
b. history
c. problems

2)Social Aspects
a. social capital
b. demographics

3)Technical Aspects
a. natural capital - the value of water
b. value to irrigation
c. value of irrigation services
(Somewhere in here will be the history of the Dams
Lower Colorado Dams Project including Hoover,Davis, and Parker Dam
Western Area Power Administration transmission system
Colorado River Compact)

4)Problems
a. political - state disagreements over water rights and Mexico treaty
b. economic - water marketing and wheeling, water pricing
c. social - indian involvement, everyday use of water by the average joe
d. environmental - dams, agriculture, irrigation, pollution
(Somewhere in here will include Salton Sea, Colorado River aqueduct,
Riverside area- Western Municipal Water District of Riverside County,
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, legislative issues-
federal, state, local)

5)Opportunities

6)Recommendations
a. Water Conservation program with Imperial irrigation district
b. Demonstration project on underground storage of Colorado
c. River Water in Central Arizona

7)References

2. JAKARTA, INDONESIA. Urban ecology. Industrial and trash pollution and possible sustainable means of waste management. "A Sustainable Jakarta".

Team
    Paul Po-Chun Tu <pochunt@uci.edu
    Jessica Herzog <jmherzog@uci.edu>
    Keith Cobb <earthtel@mind.net>
    Laurent Meillier <lmmeillier@ucdavis.edu>

Title: Pollution in Paradise, Jakarta's Struggle for Sustainability

I. Introduction

A. The history of destruction and degradation inflicted upon the natural resources of a megacity with nowhere to grow.
B. Water pollution and the extending loss of limited resources consumed by an increasing population.

II. Social Aspects

A. How to translate the culture of Indonesia and the goals of a society at risk.
B. Where are the serious threats and how are they measured.

III. Technical Aspects

A. What to do with a polluted water source in an island environment.
B. How to determine the source of environmental and social deterioration.

IV. Problems

A. Educational deficiency
B. Political corruption, Suharto
C. A collapsing economy
D. Waste management needs and their constraints

V. Opportunities

A. Bioremediation
B. Innovations within waste water treatment systems
C. Subsidies to encourage to salvation of resources and capital

VI. Recommendations

A. Prioritization of national goals
B. The construction of water treatment facilities
C. Input technology reorganization and reconstruction to limit waste output

VII. Conclusion

A. The fate of actions without the foresight of consequences

VIII. Bibliography

I. Introduction.

A. Jakarta in general.
i. Geography.
ii. Natural resources availability and bio-diversities.
iii. Social capital (culture, tradition, such as Ny. Jamu).

II. The issues related to sustainability.

A. Trash (kinds of trash being dumped into the Java sea, where it's from).

B. Current interventions on management of environmental issues.

C. Threat or danger to environment and its economy.

D. What are affected.
i. Loss of bio-diversity.
ii. Residence in certain areas.
iii. Standing in the world, its reputation and status.
iv. Ecological consequences, to all organisms that suffered (species of animals and plants lost).
v. Current water supply difficulties.

III. Recommendations.

A. What are Indonesia's priorities.

B. Relocation of natural resources.

C. Maximum utilization of resources (ecological/financial).

D. Social improvement where how to protect society, maintain growth and improve methods of usage of natural resources.

E. Control methods, the different interventions that can be used to lower industrial wastes or improve ways of elimination of trash.

F. Retain fresh water quality/supply.

G. Weighing the loss and costs upon financial availability.

IV. Maintaining and Stabilization (no overdraft on capital).

A. Maintenance of environmentally friendly methods and careful monitoring.

B. Stabilize fresh water usage and supply.

C. Management of resources and employment of new agricultural planning (needs for soil recovery and sustainable land use).

V. Conclusion.

A. A new future for Indonesia.

B. Retained bio-diversity and natural resources.

C. Acknowledgment of values for resources and education for next generations.

D. Stabilized economy.

Title: A Urban Ecological Study of a Sustainable Jakarta (Indonesia): Management of  Anthropogenic wastes and pollutants"

I. Introduction: Project's Settings and Objectives
 
A. Setting
Human and physical geography
Nationhood history; a synopsis
Energy balance and distribution
The industries at stake, Jakarta integrated into the Asian economy
Current wastes/ industrial pollution management and policy

B. Objectives
Definition of a sustainable Jakarta
The influence of anthropogenic wastes and pollutants onto the urban ecosystem: a status

II. Social Aspects
 
A. Demographics
Population distribution, growth and employment/ education

B. The Social Capital
Indonesian culture and society/ traditions

III. The Natural Capital
 
A. Natural resources use: the natural ecosystem
Census of the natural ecosystem in species diversity/ distribution/  threats

B. Human Use of the Natural Ecosystem
Agriculture/ Fisheries/ Wood/ Mineral extraction
 
C. Integration of the city of Jakarta into this natural ecosystem
Energies/ products/ human/ waste/ pollutants fluxes

D. Consequences of man's use of the natural endowment
Negative effects
Warning signals

IV.  The limits to the implementation of a Sustainable Jakarta

A. Social
Citizen's outlook on environmental affairs

B. Political
How has the 32 years of Suharto's grip onto the political affairs of the country influenced policy making

C. Technical
Jakarta: an Asian Equatorial megacity's challenges

V. The basket of options for implementing a sustainable Jakarta

A. Resource use: management and planning

B. Political Agenda: implementing environmental protection laws and enforcements

C. Economy: Capital investments in renewable energies/ and processes

D. Social: Educating the public being an eco-conscious citizens: Fostering environmental research and international exchange

VI. Recommendations
Synthesis of options availability

VII. Bi/Webliography

II Introduction: Project's Settings and Objectives
 
A] Setting
Human and physical geography
Nationhood history; a synopsis
Energy balance and distribution
The industries at stake, Jakarta integrated into the Asian economy
Current wastes/ industrial pollution management and policy

B] Objectives
Definition of a sustainable Jakarta
The influence of anthropogenic wastes and pollutants onto the urban
ecosystem: a status

III Social Aspects
 
A] Demographics
Population distribution, growth and employment/ education

B] The Social Capital
Indonesian culture and society/ traditions
 
An Urban Ecological Study of a Sustainable Jakarta (Indonesia): Management of  Anthropogenic wastes and pollutants"
 

    Indonesia is an archipelago straddling the equator composed of 13,500 islands from which 6000 are inhabited located in Southeastern Asia at 5 00 S, 120 00 E about 5000 km from the Asian mainland.  The archipelago sits quite strategically along major sea lanes between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Richly endowed with natural resources and hosting a phenomenal array of distinct cultures, the islands have been a magnet to Chinese and Indian traders, European colonizers, proselytizing
missionaries wayward adventurers and mining companies.  The total area of the archipelago is 1,9919,440 sq. km about 3 times the size of Texas.  The country is bordered by Malaysia and Papua New Guinea.  The climate is tropical hot and humid a little more moderate.  The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands with larger islands with interior mountains from which the highest point is Puncak Jaya.   Stretching like a backbone down the western coast of Sumatra is a line of active and extinct volcanoes. These continue through Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and then loop through the Banda Islands of Maluku to north-eastern Sulawesi. Under 10% of the total land area is suitable for farming, while two-thirds consists of woodland, forests and mangrove swamp (mostly found in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya).  Natural resources are: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel timber and various precious to semi precious metals.  Indonesia's rich natural environment encourages a diversity of flora & fauna. The archipelago is home to elephants, tigers, leopards and orang-utans. Sea turtles are found in the waters around Bali and the world's largest flower - the Rafflesia - is found in Sumatra. The islands of Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra have national parks, while other parks protect special areas such as Komodo, home to the Komodo dragon.

Rainforests are disappearing at an alarming rate, especially in Kalimantan where the mighty dipterocarp forests are being logged ferociously for their durable tropical hardwoods. The islands are inhabited by 300 ethnic groups with distinct cultures,
speaking 365 languages and dialects. Despite the national motto `unity in diversity', these cultures are under threat from “Indonesianisation” as the islands are gradually unified under centralized Javanese rule. With a population of 206,611,600 inhabitants and a growth rate of 1.53%, Indonesians life expectancy is 62 years.  The multicultural concept of
strength in difference has been a hard one to maintain in the face of such geographic and cultural fragmentation, and the Indonesian government has opted for strong, centralized and undemocratic rule. The consolidation of the Indonesian empire has met with resistance and insurgencies.  These have been largely ignored by the world. The country is stable since government authority rests squarely on the foundation of military power.

It is generally believed that the earliest inhabitants of the Indonesian archipelago originated from India or  Burma. In 1890, fossils of Java Man (homo erectus), some 500,000 years old, were found in east Java. Later migrants (`Malays') came from southern China and Indochina, and they began populating the archipelago around 3000 BC. Powerful groups such as the Buddhist Srivijaya empire and the Hindu Mataram kingdom appeared in Java and Sumatra towards the end of the 7th century.
The last important kingdom to remain Hindu was the Majapahit, which was founded in the 13th century. The subsequent spread of Islam into the archipelago in the 14th century forced the Majapahit's to retreat to Bali in the 15th century. By the 15th century, a strong Muslim empire had developed with its centre at Melaka (Malacca) on the Malay Peninsula. Its influence was short-lived and it fell to the Portuguese in 1511. The Dutch displaced the Portuguese and began settlements into Indonesia backcountry. The Dutch East India Company based in Batavia (Jakarta) dominated the spice trade and took control of Java.  By the early 20th century, the entire archipelago - including Aceh and Bali -was under Dutch control.   Burgeoning nationalism combined with Japanese occupation of the archipelago during WW II served to weaken Dutch presence.  They finally transferred sovereignty to the new Indonesian republic in 1949.  Achmed Sukarno, the foremost proponent of self-rule
since the early 1920s, became President. In 1957, Sukarno overthrew the parliament, declared martial law, and initiated a more authoritarian style of government.  Sukarno's usurpation of power drew immediate response: rebellions broke out in Sumatra and Sulawesi and were eventually crushed in 1958.  Sukarno's consolidation of power did little to alleviate Indonesia's economic woes. His corrosive vanity led to a number of grandiose building projects which provided sharp contrast to
the poverty of his people. Instability reigned for several years as Sukarno launched Konfrontasi against Malaysia, withdrew from the United Nations, and planned to socialize the economy. Events came to a head in 1965 when an attempted coup, allegedly by Communist groups, left several army generals dead and Sukarno's hold on power threatened.  General
Suharto, who was responsible for brutally quashing the coup, eventually seized presidential control. In stark contrast to the turbulent Sukarno years, Indonesia, under Suharto, has sought to address its economic problems, forge national unity, promote openness. However, the contentious invasion and annexation of East Timor in 1975, the 1991 Dili massacre in East Timor, the prevalence of nepotism in the economy, the undercurrent of anti-Chinese sentiment in the Medan riots in April 1994,
the increased press censorship in June 1994, and the continued resistance of many East Timorese and Papuans in Irian Jaya to Indonesian occupation, show many of those excesses are fingerprints of a nation under strong authoritarian leadership. In 1996, against the backdrop of Jakarta's worst rioting in decades, ousted PDI party leader, Megawati Sukarnoputri, the new symbol of democratic aspiration, took advantage of nationwide discontent with Suharto’s iron fist.

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some central planning though with an emphasis on rapid deregulation and private enterprise.  Real GDP growth in 1985-95 averaged about 7% not sufficient enough to slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.  Plantation crops (such as rubber palm oil and lumber) are one of the country’s strong natural products export group.  Industrial output is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including
crude oil, natural gas.  Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years.  Indeed the economy’s growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of non oil exports.  Japan remains Indonesia’s most important customer and supplier of aid.  Like some other rapidly developing country in South east Asia, Indonesia is struggling to keep the economy from overheating.  President Suharto agreed this month (January 1998) to a broad program of austerity
measures aimed at halting the steep slide of the Indonesian economy. Indonesia is the lightning rod for the moment in Asia’s economic slump, which began last July with a drop in Thailand’s currency.  The Indonesian government has estimated its foreign debt to amount to $133 billion, including $65 billion in private debt repayable in dollars, a sum that has grown more expensive with the depreciation of the Rupiah. The currency has fallen by two thirds since last July.

Urbanization is increasing rapidly in Indonesia.  With an annual urban growth rate of 5.4 percent (1990 census), the population of urban centers will have grown from 55 to 93 million by the year 2000 (representing 43% of the total population).  Jakarta, the capital strong of 9 million people, is a city where anthropogenic originated pollutants have taken its toll.  According to 1986 estimates, less than a third of the population have direct connection to piped water supply and about 30% depend solely on water vendors.  The city does not have a water borne sewage system.  700,000 cubic meter of sewage is generated daily.
The main sanitation are septic tanks, dikes river and waterways.  About 30,000 small factories discharge industrial waste into the rivers and streams that flow into the bay.  The waters crossing the city are heavily polluted with untreated waste water .  Due to a strong underground water overdraft, land below Jakarta is subsiding..  Only 35% of the total solid waste generated is collected by a service.  The last decade reported an increase of 15% vehicles per annum adding to the traffic congestion.  A survey conducted in 1985 revealed that the lead fumes emitted in the inner city district was 17 times higher than the WHO warning levels.  So what would it take to elaborate a sustainable Jakarta?

Let’s provide a definition on this core concept: “Sustainable development is development without growth in throughput of matter and energy beyond regenerative and absorptive capacities”(Goodland R & H.Daly, 1996).

Stalking Sustainable Development in Indonesia

Introduction and objectives
        Brief synopsis of the state of affairs in  Indonesia
        Objectives of this report

Background information on Indonesia pertinent to sustainable development
        Demographics
        Health and Health Services
        Culture
        Debt structure and balance of trade
        Material Wealth
        Educational Institutions
        Urbanization and shelter
        Agriculture and food production
        Energy production and consumption
        Major industries
        Technology

Indonesia's natural endowment : what it is and what's happening to it
        The Citarum River and other fresh water resources
        Wetlands
        Agricultural lands
        Forest lands and Terrestrial Biodiversity
        Oceans and Aquactic biodivirsity
        Hydropower, Geothermal power, Wind Power, Solar Energy,  Bio-energy
.
The Challenges to Sustainable Development
        Current economic crisis
        Population growth
        Land use policies, planning paradigms, and zoning regulations
        Agricultural practices
        Multinational investiment practices and transnational corporations
        Political Corruption
        Outdated and/or inappropriate technology
        The knowledge gap
        The Western influence and Cultural disintegration

The "basket of options" available to overcome problems and constraints.
        Economic options
        Political options
        Educational options
        Spiritual options

Recommendations
        A grass roots approach
                Education
                Power of the Pen
                Think globally and act locally

8. References
        Bibliography
        Webliography

Team
    Charles Chang Rhee <crhee@uci.edu>
    Tommy Hsu <bronco@uci.edu>
    Kris Min <kris334@juno.com>

Web Sites of Interest

International Rivers Network

KRIS: THIS IS A GOOD WORKING OUTLINE! REMEMBER TO ORIENT THE STUDY TO LOOKING AT GOODLAND & DALY AND DOVERS & HANDMER SUSTAINABILITY AND CONSTRAINTS ISSUES. TABLES THAT SUMMARIZE THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES WOULD BE HELPFUL TO ORGANIZE THE PILE OF INFO AND HELP FOCUS YOUR WRITING.

Three Gorges Infinite Reasons

INTRODUCTION

Setting
Third largest river in the world.  Largest river in China.
Provides 70% of the inland water transportation

Overall issue and study objective
Project is to build a gigantic dam across the Yangtze River.
There are many negative impacts to the environment, people, and the economy by building this dam.

Main objective is to point out the negative impacts and to deny the proposal for dam construction.

SOCIAL ASPECTS (SOCIAL CAPITAL)

The Yangtze River contains 30% of national population around the river.
25% of farmland of national total
more than 30 cities along the river
by building the dam, socially negative impacts are
number of countries affected
number of towns submerged
Urban centers submerged
Population resettlements
Historical sites submerged (dating back to 10,000 B.C.)
Dam safety

NATURAL CAPITAL

The negative impacts on the ecosystem/environment
Water pollution
Disturbance of fish migration
Inundation
Landslides
Sedimentation
Underground (groundwater) water pollution
Soil erosion
Water loss of the "Great Lakes" of China
Ground water contamination of Shanghai
Water borne disease development

PROBLEMS

Total cost to build the dam : $10.7 billion U.S. dollars
Construction duration : 18 years
Number of countries affected : 19
Total population affected : 14 million
Agricultural land submerged
Effects on industry and agriculture
Hardship on people that were relocated
Land availability
World wide impact - "economic disaster"
Other economic losses: coal mines and metal mines worth millions would be submerged.  Highways, factories, and railways would be submerged.
Fulling Sha Chai fields will be submerged.

BASKET OF OPTIONS

What could be the positive impacts of the TGP (Three Gorges Project)?
Environmentally, socially, and economically in the end.

RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES
Yahoo search engine : www.yahoo.com
Netscape search engine

Title: Another Dammed River:  The Three Gorges Dam Project

   I.  Introduction:  Overview of Project

       A.  Setting-brief description of proposed area of study
       B.  Topic discussed- the Three Gorges Dam Project-goals.

  II.  Benefits of the Project

       A.  Environmental-Hydroelectric Power vs Coal
       B.  Social-Flood Control
       C.  Economic benefits (NGO's and other investors)

  III.  Problems:  Effects of the Project

       A.  Environmental: Environmental impacts
       B.  Social: relocation of people, destruction of cultures and social capital
       C.  Economic-can the dam actually benefit the people/be completed?

 IV.  Resolution- In weighing the costs and benefits, what would be the best way to go about the project?

      A.  Methods to prevent environmental degradation from the project
      B.  Methods to prevent degradation of social capital

  V.  Recommendations- Is the project necessary?

TOMMY. THIS OUTLINE IS A VERY GOOD WORKING OUTLINE! REMEMBER TWO THINGS: 1. TO RELATE THIS STUDY AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE TO SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES AS DETAILED BY DOVERS & HANDMER AND GOODLAND & DALY, AND 2. EVALUATE STRONGLY THE NEED FOR THE PROJECT VS. VIABLE ALTERNATIVES, FOSSIL FUELS, CONSERVATION, RENEWABLES, OIL FIRED POWER PLANTS, ETC.

One Dam Two Sides Three Gorges

Introduction:

The Three Gorges project does not directly involve any other sovereign states or cross any borders.  The project is an enormous internal crisis however with the difficulty of weighing the benefits and costs in not only its financial aspect but also the potential irreversible harm to the environment and the people of China.

This report will primarily discuss the potential benefits of the project in relation to the projected economic growth of China.
Secondly, the report will make an attempt to bring the social aspect to light.  Most importantly, the environmental aspect will be integrated into all sides of the project.

Social Aspects:

 +  Growth,  Flood Control, Import/Export, Accessibility, Jobs, Pride,
Lowered emissions of Sulfur and Carbon Dioxides, Renewable energy source.

        -   Relocation, loss of wildlife, aesthetics, traffic,
disaster vulnerability,
silt, logging, natural tourism, fisheries.

Technical Aspects:

  17 million kw capacity
  silt build-up
  flooding
  river flow hindered

Problems:

  Funding
  Previous models not available
  Irreversible
  Relocation
  NGO oppositions
  Engineering difficulties