Section 1. Short Essays. 4 x 30 points each = 120 points total

1. Briefly discuss the four major human impacts to ocean or coastal ecosystems. Give an example of these impacts as they affect the global oceans/coasts.

2. Define ENSO. Discuss three impacts of El Nino on ocean conditions in the Pacific.

3. Explain the ocean conveyor system, especially how ocean conditions in the Atlantic affect the Pacific

4. Define point and non-point pollution. Give an example of each. Briefly discuss one environmental impact of each example.
 
Section 2. Definitions. 5 x 12 points each = 60 points total. The definition is 6 points and the examples are 3 or 6 points each.

1. Detrital Ecosystem. Give One Example.
2. Greenhouse Effect. Give One Greenhouse Gas as an Example.
3. Ecosystem Service. Give Two Examples.
4. Input Rule of Goodland and Daly. Give One Example.
5. Tragedy of the Commons of Hardin. Give One Example.
 
Section 3. Multiple Choice. 8 x 5 points each = 40 points (IMPORTANT NOTE! BE CAREFUL! Correct answers to questions can be more than one choice! A correct answer will be the exact choices you make e.g. there will be NO partial credit.)

1. Examples of non-point pollution are:

a. thermal discharges from the outflow pipe at San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant,
b. wastewater from the outflow pipe at the Hyperion Sewage Treatment Plant,
c. stormwater runoff from heavy rains,
d. sediments transport to river waters from urbanized watersheds,
e. none of the above.

2. Harmful algal blooms can be are caused by:

 a. nutrients from feedlots,
b. wastewater discharges,
c. stormwater runoff,
d. constructed wetlands,
e. by all of the above.
 
3. A mangrove ecosystem is characterized by:
 
a. freshwater inflow, creeks and uplands runoff,
b. prop roots,
c. pneumatophores,
d. an ecosystem starved for carbon,
e. only b and c.
 
4. A detrital marine ecosystem is one that:

a. incorporates phytoplankton into zooplankton and small fish production,
b. has bacterial digestion of high carbon leaf litter or organic matter and turns it into protein foods,
c. is high in sediment inputs,
d. is based on solar energy as the main energy source,
e. only a and d.

 5. Some environmental impacts of marine cage aquaculture are:

a. increased species diversity of the benthic communities underneath salmon cages,
b. harmful algal blooms,
c. increased rates of nitrification,
d. shading of the ocean causing decreased phytoplankton,
e. all of the above.

 6. The ocean conveyor system controls climate by:

a. decreasing salinity in the area of Greenland by inflow of cold water,
b. increasing phosphorus in the Santa Barbara basin,
c. sinking of cold, salty water in the North Atlantic,
d. decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations around Antarctica,
e. none of the above.

7. Some impacts of dams on floodplain rivers are:
 
a. sedimentation of organic matter and detrital materials, starving coastal food webs,
b. increases in anadromous fish,
c. decreases in river water temperatures if dams have a bottom outlet,
d. decreases in plankton blooms then an increase due to fisheries declines,
e. all of the above are impacts.
 
8. The output rule of Goodland and Daly is applicable to:

a. the preservation of wetlands to take up wastes,
b. the forest fires of Indonesia and the climate change issue,
c. regulations to decrease overfishing,
d. the decrease in open space for recreation,
e. all of the above.
 
Section 4. True/False. 10 x 3 points each = 30 points.

1. The nitrogen cycle is being disrupted principally by fossil fuel and fertilizer emissions to the environment, leading to massive cultural eutrophication of coastal waters and toxic algal blooms.

2. Urban wastes are the largest contributors to non-point pollution in the United States.

3. Positioning of a bottom outlet in a hydropower dam causes more damage to downstream floodplain river ecosystems than a midwater outlet because of bottom water discharges of deoxygenated water and sulfides.

4. One method of homogenization of the Earth's marine biotic is ballast water discharges from ocean-going ships.

5. Mangrove leaves have a high protein content that is decreased when they fall to the water and are colonized by bacteria.

6. Fishing can produce surplus yields if harvest rates are kept at or below rates of reproduction and juvenile recruitment.

7. El Nino has been shown to enhance upwellings in Peru-Chile causing fisheries to move elsewhere.

8. Bioaccumulation of lead will cause the highest concentration per unit biomass in the plankton of a food chain.

9. Mangroves export salt out of their leaves or prevent salt from entering their roots.

10. Rates of exotic species invasions of San Francisco Bay are decreasing due to an innovative industry-wetland rehabilitation plan that saved 10,000 acres using ecological engineering concepts.
 
Extra Credit. 5 points total.

According to Humborg et al. (1997) disruption of the silica cycle in the Black Sea is due to:

a. Increased carbon dioxide from the Ruhr Valley in Germany.
b. Increased sedimentation in a dam on the Danube River.
c. Increased nitrogen fertilizer emissions.
d. Overfishing of sturgeon and decreased sediment resuspension in the Black Sea.
e. All of the above.