Sustainable Oceans and Coastal Zones  1998 United Nations Year of the Oceans

Course Readings

Folke, C. et al. 1994. The costs of eutrophication from salmon farming: implications for policy. Journal of Environmental Management 40: 173-182.

Primavera, J. 1993. A critical review of shrimp pond culture in the Philippines. Reviews in Fisheries Science 1: 151-201.

Webliography

AIT (1997)
Clay, J. 1997. Shrimp-Market Opportunities
Costa-Pierce, B. 1997. Shrimp Aquaculture Ecosystems Web Page
FAO. 1997. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
Goldburg, R. 1997. Environmental Effects of Aquaculture in the United States. The Environmental Defense Fund.
Landesman, L. 1994. Negative impacts of coastal tropical aquaculture developments. World Aquaculture 25(2): 12-17.
Menasveta (1997)
Miller et al. (1995)
Peschke (1996)
 

    The social ecological impacts of aquaculture in the coastal zone have been the subject of many recent investigations. In general, environmental impacts increase proportionately with the level of systems intensity and inversely with the system's separation from the environment. However, the wide diversity of aquaculture systems make any rigid classifications schemes worthless because intensive systems can be constructed with no discharge and/or complete treatments of wastes.

    Social impacts are also difficult to discern, but the main key os community involvement and industry commitment to equity. If farms come into small communities from the outside with a "heavy hand", importing labor, goods, expertise, technology, and exporting all goods outside of communities, and have no community development or "outreach" plans, social impacts can be severe.

    In general, the development objectives of aquaculture can be thought of as follows:
 

Type of Products Produced	Cost of Products Produced	Development Target	Example
Staple Foods	Low, minor portion of expenses	Feed the Poor	Tilapia culture in Africa
Purchased Commodities	Within daily means	Community Development	Carps in India; Catfish in the USA
Luxury Products	High, using discretionary income	Large Scale Industrial Profit Motive	Shrimp (in many nations); Pearl Oysters; Algae Culture

Environmental Impacts of Shrimp Aquaculture

PLUS (identified by others):

Exotic Species Impacts. On Oct. 22 1997. White spot syndrome was discovered at a Charleston, SC, USA shrimp farm. In early Oct. 1997, the non-native Pacific white shrimp were discovered in Matagorda Bay, Texas, having escaped from one of the shrimp farms there. Foreign Shrimp Regulation. It also appear exotic diseases and viruses are entering new places in imported dead and unprocessed shrimp. On Oct. 28, 1997, the SC Dept. of Natural Resources Office of Fisheries Management held a public hearing on proposed regulations to control the importation and possession of foreign
shrimp.  The regulations respond to concerns over repeated outbreaks of shrimp virus, and would create a shrimp import permit program and a 25-day quarantine for imported shrimp.
 

Water Requirements for Shrimp Culture and Other Aquaculture

Nutrient concentrations in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) pond discharge waters

Ranges of Shrimp Pond Effluent Water Quality at an Intensive Shrimp Farm in Thailand During a 5-Month Growout Period
 

The Aquaculture Health Page
 
Bibliography

Dierberg, F. and W. Kiattisimkul. 1996. Issues, impacts, and implications of shrimp aquaculture in Thailand. Environmental Management 20: 649-666.

Flaherty, M. and C. Karnjanakesorn. 1995. Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation in Thailand. Environmental Management 19(1): 27-37. Submitted 9 October 97 by Dr. Mark Flaherty, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.  <geomark@uvvm.uvic.ca>

Muluk, C. and C. Bailey. 1996. Social and environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture in Indonesia, p. 193-209. In: C. Bailey, S. Jentof and P. Sinclair (eds.) Aquacultural Development. Social Dimensions of an Emerging Industry. Westview Press.

Phillips, M, M. Beveridge, and R. Clarke. 1991. Impact of aquaculture on water resources, p. 568-591. In: D. Brune and J. Tomasso (eds.) Advances in Aquaculture, Volume 3. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA

Phillips, M., C. Kwei Lin, and M. Beveridge. 1993. Shrimp culture and the environment: lessons for the world's most rapidly expanding warmwater aquaculture sector, p. 171-197. In: R. Pullin et al. (eds.) Environment and aquaculture in Developing countries. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 31, 359 pages.

Primavera, J. 1989. The social, ecological and economic implications of intensive prawn farming. Asian Aquaculture 11(1): 1-6.

Primavera, J. 1991. Intensive prawn farming in the Philippines: ecological, social, and economics implications. Ambio 20: 28-33.

Primavera, J. 1993. A critical review of shrimp pond culture in the Philippines. Reviews in Fisheries Science 1(2): 151-201.

Primavera, J. 1997, in press. Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture. Aquaculture Research 28, in press.

Primavera, J. 1997, in press. Tropical shrimp farming and its sustainability. In: S.S. De Silva, Tropical Mariculture. Academic Press, London.

AIT (1997)
Clay, J. 1997. Shrimp-Market Opportunities
Costa-Pierce, B. 1997. Shrimp Aquaculture Ecosystems Web Page
FAO. 1997. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
Goldburg, R. 1997. Environmental Effects of Aquaculture in the United States. The Environmental Defense Fund.
Landesman, L. 1994. Negative impacts of coastal tropical aquaculture developments. World Aquaculture 25(2): 12-17.
Menasveta (1997)
Miller et al. (1995)
Peschke (1996)

 

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