I feel the concepts of natural and social capital do apply to the concept of integrated coastal zone management in that you must
educate, and enlist the aid of, the community to the need of maintaining wetlands if you are going to be ultimately successful in accomplishing that goal.

First of all i find it disheartening that human beings have to "manage" the environment in order to keep it balanced and preserved.  i do, however, feel that coastal zone management is necessary because the american businessclass tends to overlook the value of nature's capital in favor of social capital--i.e. new jobs and new industry. unfortunately, i feel that we are far away from the time that nature's capital will be considered as valuable a commodity as social or financial capital. until
that far away moment arrives, our coastal and other zones need to be "managed" to prevent corporations, and even individuals, from treading their soiled feet over our natural resoures.

Integrated coastal zone management does directly relate to social and environ. sustainability.  Social sustainability can simply be defined as the maintenance of community shared values.  One such value is the protection of coastal zone areas.  Environmental sustainability implies protection of natural resources.  Coastal zones are one example of such natural resources.

The concepts of natural and social capital apply to the concept of integrated coastal zone management by the way that the coasts are managed.  Coastal zone management relies, unfortunately, on people, and their ability to use the natural capital to the benefit or harm of coastal zones.  The social capital refers to the people interested in either protecting the coastal zones, or
promoting their harm.  It is kind of a unfortunate thing to have to manage our coastal zones, because with out human interaction, these zones can manage themselves good enough to keep a healthy ecosystem.

The concepts of natural and social capital apply themselves very well to the idea of integrated coastal zone management.  Utilizing natural and social capital together can produce an environmentally sound managed coastal zone.  As Goodland and Daly point out, we must keep environmental sustainability a realistic goal.  The idea of "absurdly strong sustainability" is just that - absurd.  But in order to acheive reasonable global sustainability, the developing nations need to both grow and develop.  India, for example, needs more growth, while the rich countries balance that by "negative throughput growth" (Goodland and Daly, 1996).   This promise of intragenerational equity, which is just one of the necessary steps towards global sustainability,
can be acheived by the developing nations by combining both natural and social capital.  Coastal aquaculture, which is utilized by India, uses "cultivated natural capital" (a combination of human-made capital and natural capital, such as agriculture, fish ponds, etc.), and social capital (peoples shared knowledge, culture, information, etc) (Goodland and Daly, 1996).  So using resources in the form of cultivated natural and social capital could be one step toward a developing country's efforts to
attain a better way of life, or intragenerational equity.  This could also be a good step toward better coastal zone management, as setting up aquaculture ponds would deter coastal development and exploitation from the richer nations.  India, which raises shrimp and several species of fish in such coastal ponds and wetlands, not only provides food for her people, but provides jobs, income, and perhaps a better managed coastal zone.

I think that in order to properly manage coastal zones so that they stay natural and pure, one needs the resources of the people and the land. If the land is so far gone to save it, then everything else does not matter, and if the people do not want or care to save an ecosystem then all is lost again. Real results come from people who care and from lands that are not to far lost.

Understanding the concepts of natural and social capital is vital if we  are to achieve strong, long term coastal sustainability. These concepts need to be valued as highly as economic capital when feasible. For example, when evaluating approaches to integrated coastal management, we must incorporate both a fishers knowledge of the coast (social capital) and  scientific knowledge of  ecosystem services (natural capital).   Only when we understand and integrate the concepts of natural,
social and  economic capital, can we say that we have taken a holistic approach to coastal management.

I feel that for an integrated coastal zone management tactic to be truly effective it must involve both natural and social capital. The presence of humans has permanently altered much of the world's coasts natural ability to heal and because of this alteration it now requires both ancesteral (historical) and scientific knowledge for rejuvenation. Historical knowledge could be used as an guide for what was done in the past and what the area's ecosystem was comprised of.  Science would only be used as a steering mechanism to perhaps a speedier and healthier recovery of the affected area. As Goodland and Daly (1995) point out, this form of sustainability does not mean that man must revert to the stone age.  Instead man will survive not only longer, but also richer in resources.  If society had paid more attention to ES years ago our oceans of today would not be so bare. Therefore, I strongly believe that both man and nature must work together in order to survive.

I think the most important aspect of mamangement, in a general sense, is that everything is taken into account.  The mentality that only certain elements within an ecosystem are worthy of saving and others can be loss is not working.  When dealing with coastal regions and trying to find an intergrated management system that works the animals and well being of the people must be looked at and a comprise must be made.  The problem right now is that the environment is comprising for our pollution
and nothing is being done on a large scale to change our behavior.  I think it's crucial to decrease the amount of toxic pollution spilled into the environment in order to make it better for everything.  We should remeber that all animals on this planet share the air the water and the land, we are not seperate!!!

  The concept of integrated coastal zone management is a great idea and perhaps works best when small groups and individuals interact.  I know there are federal, state, county, and city governments involved and they have different concerns and approaches for CZM.  We also have land developers, individual property owners and non-profit organizations like SOS, Surfrider, etc to add to the soup.  My grandmother used to say, too many hands in the soup and there won't be enough to go around.   One things for sure is we are losing and have lots much of our natural capital.   So, if CZM can save any natural capital, let's make it happen.  Too often, most of the above mentioned groups don't consult fully on the matter.  Not all groups can put in an opinion, come to a common agreement and make it happen.   Groups and people bring hidden and different agendas.   Social capital comes into play in many ways, a change in our human behavior and mind set would be a good place to begin.  What has happened that we have to reply on a CZM in the first place?  When I was growing up, the elders were consulted first.  The simpliest, closest way to nature was usually first choice.  Everyone got behind it and made it happen.  How did we let it get so complicated?  People  need to become educated, get involved, an act, to revive and save our natural capital.  Ownership and control over nature, beyond moderation is absurd.  There is plenty for all, if there is respect, management, sharing, and see ourselves as extended family.  Greed and control have become big business today.
  An example that comes to mind is the fishing village of Milolii.  The village was made up of twenty some families.  There was a group of elders who managed the natural capital and helped guide social capital.  One family knew the tradition of seasons, planting, harvesting.  Another knew the ways of the sea and learned from the signs in nature.  The fish, turtles and shark
were their teachers.  Knowledge was past down.  Everyone from youngest to oldest was taught to be thankful and respect the land, forests, sea and each other.  Basic laws of not overfishing were observed because everyone knew the consquences.   This village caught rain in holding tanks and skimed the freshwater off the brackish ponds.  They farmed millet in the ponds.  When
they dove in the sea, they knew each hole was a home for many of the fish there.  If they took more than the natural cycle could replenish, they had violated their basic code of life and shortage of food could be the result.  We are the caregivers of the planet.  No one really owns it, we all share it. In the 1970's and 80's visitors came to these peaceful villages.  They would dive with scuba tanks.  They could not believe all the fish there for the taking.  They overfished the holes and the Hawaiian waters have near been the same.  There had been a productive CZM at work in this village.  But learning to consult with the new comers didn't happen.  A simple advancement in technology changed a workable concept of integration.

To answer the question of how the concepts of natural and social capital are applied to the concept of ICZM, I feel that these
two concepts go hand in hand with each other for future sustainablity. As our population continues to grow, our many resources will inevitably deplete if conservation is not practiced.  In regard to sustainablity and conservation, that is why the Integrated Coastal Zone Management is important. ICZM basically combines the need of society and the need for conservation together so that sustainability can be achieved. Sustainablity, i think, is achieveable and ICZM teaches us to understand the importance of balance in nature. I also think that understanding is the first step to sustainability.

One of the areas of major impact due to El Nino has occured in Indonesia,and indirectly affected other Southeast Asian countries (ex. Malaysia). Several dangerous fires broke out within Indonesia due to some extremely flammable peat bogs. Furthermore, the fires were able to spread quickly throughout the forests of Indonesia because of the high winds. Interestingly enough, the people of Indonesia have been awaiting the beginning of monsoon season. Unfortunately, the heavy rains have been
delayed by the El Nino which left the fire extinguishing to the people.

I think one of the most dramatic of the documented changes brought on by El Nino is the weather change in Indonesia. Normal water temperature:weather pattern would include warm surface water and heavy seasonal rains. This is combined with westerly wind movement originating in Mexico, heading across the Pacific to Southeast Asia pushing the surface water also in a westerly direction across the Pacific, while the cold water (thermocline) displaced by this moves in an upwelling off the California coastline providing bountiful cold water fisheries.Unfortunately El Nino flips this situation--the winds change to an easterly direction pushing the warm surface water towards California and Mexico, while the thermocline pushes straight down. The result of this change in ocean-atmospheric coupling resulted in Indonesian fires, which normally would be brought under control with the rainy season, burning out of control and inflicting severe damage.

I think that Indonesia has had the most siginificant change in weather due to the impact of El Nino.  With the change in the winds from the east to the west the rains have ceast to exist in that section of the world.  Major fires are burning throughout the region due to the lack of rain as well as a major shortage of food causing famine and death. Temperstures have also changed, in Vietnam they had a record temp of 103 degrees.  The plume of smoke coming from the fires can be seen from satellite.  The start of thses development from a traditional method of producing fertilizers.  The farmers burn the straw to create phosphorus(sp) in order to boost the productivity of their fields.  On a normal La Nina system, which is when the rains are dropping huge amounts of water over the area and causing drier weather on the westerner coast of the US, these fires would be shut down.  The cause of this system is yet to be discovered, however it is believed that the emmission of co2 into the atmosphere has a role.  I think we should all take a precationary attitide to the weather changes in our area as well as the world.

A region that has been affected by the El Nino is just south of the U.S.: Central and South America.  While we have experienced heavy rains and mudslides, they have experienced catastrophic rains, mudslides that killed and displaced people from their homes and powerful hurricanes. They have also experienced severe shortages in their fishing supply as
large numbers of their fish traveled north to areas of the U.S.. With the heavy rains experienced in both regions, many have been left homeless and hungry. Now with the end of El Nino, people of Central and South America must wait for the fish to return and the unnatural increase in non-indigenous species to go away.

The Pacific coast of Panama has been negatively effected by El Nino conditions.  According to a report by Environmental News Network, the warm temperature of water in the Pacific Ocean has consequently bleached the corals.  Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration observed bleaching in all species of corals.  Coral reefs support sea life and are very important for economic acitivity such as fishing.  Corals normally flourish below 29 degrees Celsius.  Just an increase of 1 to 2 degrees can be deadly.  The process of coral bleaching starts when coral tissue exposes zooxantalae algae.  Zooxantalae algae resides within the coral reef which is essential for survival.  Other places such as Baja, California and the Yucatan coast also experience coral bleaching from El Nino conditions.

El Nino has had a major impact on animals such as seals and other aquatic life around the Southern California area, and also  has caused major damage to the coasts of California and Mexico. One major problem that was caused by El Nino was a rise in sea level on the coastal areas of Southern California (Malibu, San Clemente and Seal Beach). This rise in sea level caused damage to the beaches and houses present on the coast. When a storm hit on the coast, high tides caused the waves to crash
against the houses. As a result there has been significant property damage along the beaches of Southern California.

In Indonesia, wildfires have prevailed much longer than predicted. El nino has caused a rise in sea surface temperature in the Eastern pacific, however has cooled the waters around Indonesia.  The dry air with low humidity due to the cool temp. around Indonesia, has reached 35 degrees Centirade,  and sometimes higher.  This has caused many long lasting widlfires.  These fires were possible when the water around Indonesia sloshed across the Pacific to the South American coast, causing the worst drought since 1962.  Monsoon rains were expected to eventually drown them out, but because of the drought , caused by El Nino, they never came.  The drought combined with the haze (small particles in the air-usually around industry) from the wildfires have caused numerous health problems fo rthe people and either death, starvation and/or loss of habitats for the wildlife.

El Nino has caused changes in weather and the marine habitats in many areas worldwide. Such as Canada, U.S., Mexico, Africa and parts of Asia. Indonesia is most severely effected by El Nino; however, we don't have to look very far to see the effects of El Nino.  In our neighboring cities we see it caused destructions such as landslides and debris flow in coastal southern California caused by heavy rain fall. The change in water temperature also shifted the marine habitat north, causing some of
the fishes to travel north. This also cause the shortage of food supply for the California seals and other marine life that feed on them. El Nino had brought in stocks of fishes to California but also caused disaster in California.

Peru has definitely witnessed documented change in ocean-atmospheric coupling due to El Nino 1997-98.  We call this phenomenon ENSO an acronym for El Nino¹s Southern Oscillation.  The signs are; unusually warm sea-surface temperatures, weak easterlies and accompanied with heavy rainfall.  One early sign of change occurred in July 1997, during Peru¹s winter, the temperatures reach 40C, this is very hot.   In August a number of severe dust storms were reported.  The sea surface temperatures were 5 degrees higher than normal for September.    High incidence of sunny days and clear nights were the opposite of the normal coastal fog.  The lowest snow fall in generations was reported. The high temperatures increased the mosquito population and malaria broke out.  The cold water fish, anchovies, had migrated south and sea mammals and non migratory birds were without food.  By November pelican mortality rates were up from lack of food.  Many sea lion rookeries along the beaches had 60 - 200 dead premature pups.   Guanay cormorants which usually breed at this time of year are not breeding and those with eggs have deserted them.  December saw heavy rains falling along the western slopes of the Andes.
December 25, the beginning of summer, opened with the Rimac River in Lima overflowing its banks; homes and businesses were flooded.  Bridges, roads, and the Pan American Highway are washed out.  Heavy rains continued through central Peru and temperature were near freezing in the foothill.  A large surface lake formed in the northern desert.  January, at least 108 people have died, over a 100,000 are homeless, and  3000 cases of cholera was reported.   In the port of Ilo the fishmeal factories are closed and 100-120 purse seine boats sit in the harbor. The damage has yet to be accessed for Peru and nearby countries.  The questions is when will the colder waters return and the westerlies bring back the cloud cover over the coast?   Would like to hear your comments.

In the previous months, El Nino has devasted the coastline along California with it's numerous storms and and surges from the ocean.  IT has caused erosion of land, flooding, and even tornados in places where these types of occurances are rare.  Especially here in Orange County,  El Nino storms has caused flooding and many landslides thatresulted in lost in million and millions of dollars in property value. I am sure that there were even more serious situations around the world, but destruction here was the most noticeable for me.